Utilización de servicios de salud en México: cascada de atención primaria en 2022.

OBJETIVO: Presentar un panorama descriptivo de las elecciones de la población mexicana frente a una necesidad de salud en 2022. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición Continua 2022. RESULTADOS: De 24.6% de la población que informó haber tenido una necesidad de salud en los últimos tres meses, 44% recibió atención en servicios públicos. El uso de servicios privados es extensivo a toda la población, pero fue más elevado en aquellos sin derechohabiencia. Se encontró que 71% de los motivos por los que las personas no se atendieran en el lugar que les correspondía de acuerdo con su derechohabiencia tuvo que ver con el acceso y 21% con la percepción de calidad. Entre los motivos de acceso para elegir el lugar donde se atendieron destacan la afiliación, la cercanía y el costo. En cuanto a la calidad, resaltan la atención rápida y la satisfacción con la atención. CONCLUSIONES: Con el fin de reducir la desigualdad de acceso y el gasto de bolsillo asociado con un mayor uso de servicios privados, sobre todo entre la población sin seguridad social, mejorar el acceso (como la distancia, los horarios de atención, las barreras burocráticas) puede ayudar a avanzar en este objetivo.

Accuracy of machine learning algorithms for the assessment of upper-limb motor impairments in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of motor function is vital in post-stroke rehabilitation protocols, and it is imperative to obtain an objective and quantitative measurement of motor function. There are some innovative machine learning algorithms that can be applied in order to automate the assessment of upper extremity motor function. OBJECTIVES: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of machine learning algorithms for assessing upper limb motor function in post-stroke patients and compare these algorithms to clinical assessment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database. The review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The search was performed using 6 electronic databases. The meta-analysis was performed with the data from the correlation coefficients using a random model. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 1626 records, but only 8 studies fully met the eligibility criteria. The studies reported strong and very strong correlations between the algorithms tested and clinical assessment. The meta-analysis revealed a lack of homogeneity (I2 = 85.29%, Q = 48.15), which is attributable to the heterogeneity of the included studies. CONCLUSION: Automated systems using machine learning algorithms could support therapists in assessing upper extremity motor function in post-stroke patients. However, to draw more robust conclusions, methodological designs that minimize the risk of bias and increase the quality of the methodology of future studies are required.

Estrategias para mitigar hipoglucemias y variabilidad glucémica / Strategies to mitigate hypoglycemia and glycemic variability

La última década se ha destacado por los importantes avances en el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías para pacientes que viven con diabetes mellitus (DM). Las innovaciones han estado orientadas principalmente a: mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir el impacto que genera la ocurrencia de hipoglucemias y reducir la carga de la enfermedad colaborando en la toma diaria de decisiones1. El monitoreo continuo de glucosa (MCG) es una herramienta que ha experimentado un importante avance al aportar información dinámica del estado metabólico en los pacientes y permitir la toma de decisiones, demostrado por un control metabólico estable, menores excursiones glucémicas, y una reducción significativa en la aparición y gravedad de las hipoglucemias2-5. Las presentes recomendaciones tienen como objetivo brindar herramientas rápidas para la interpretación de datos metabólicos y la consiguiente toma de decisiones terapéuticas. A tal fin se realizó una exhaustiva revisión de las principales guías y recomendaciones vigentes; posteriormente, el Grupo de Trabajo adaptó esa información según una serie de preguntas con criterio clínico práctico. El avance de los MCG es innegable, no solo en el desarrollo tecnológico, sino que se han convertido en una herramienta educativa para las personas con DM, su entorno y el equipo de salud al posibilitar un ajuste dinámico del tratamiento, prevenir complicaciones agudas y mejorar la calidad de vida. En esta ecuación enfatizamos la importancia de la educación diabetológica continua de la persona con DM y su entorno, participando activamente en la toma de decisiones para, de esta manera, cumplir con los objetivos propuestos: mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir la carga de la enfermedad y disminuir las excursiones glucémicas agudas.

The last decade has been highlighted by important advances in the development of new technologies for patients living with diabetes. The innovations have been oriented above all to improve the quality of life, reduce the impact generated by the occurrence of hypoglycemia and reduce the burden of the disease by collaborating in daily decision-making1. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a tool that has undergone significant progress, providing dynamic information on the metabolic status of patients, allowing decision making, demonstrated by stable metabolic control, lower glycemic excursions and a significant reduction in the occurrence and severity of hypoglycemia2-5. The purpose of these recommendations, developed by members of the Innovation Committee of the Argentine Society of Diabetes, is to provide rapid tools for the interpretation of metabolic data and the subsequent therapeutic decisionmaking. To this end, an exhaustive review of the main current guidelines and recommendations has been carried out, later the working group adapted this information according to a series of questions with practical clinical criteria. The progress of CGMs is undeniable, not only in technological development, but it has become an educational tool for people with diabetes, their environment, and the health team, offering the possibility of a dynamic adjustment of treatment, prevention of acute complications and improving quality of life. In this equation, we emphasize the importance of continuous diabetes education for the person with diabetes and their environment, actively participating in decision-making, and in this way, meeting the proposed objectives: improving quality of life, reducing the burden of disease, and decreasing acute glycemic excursions.

Estrategias para mitigar hipoglucemias y variabilidad glucémica / Strategies to mitigate hypoglycemia and glycemic variability

Resumen La última década se ha destacado por los importantes avances en el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías para pacientes que viven con diabetes mellitus (DM). Las innovaciones han estado orientadas principalmente a: mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir el impacto que genera la ocurrencia de hipoglucemias y reducir la carga de la enfermedad colaborando en la toma diaria de decisiones1. El monitoreo continuo de glucosa (MCG) es una herramienta que ha experimentado un importante avance al aportar información dinámica del estado metabólico en los pacientes y permitir la toma de decisiones, demostrado por un control metabólico estable, menores excursiones glucémicas, y una reducción significativa en la aparición y gravedad de las hipoglucemias2-5. Las presentes recomendaciones tienen como objetivo brindar herramientas rápidas para la interpretación de datos metabólicos y la consiguiente toma de decisiones terapéuticas. A tal fin se realizó una exhaustiva revisión de las principales guías y recomendaciones vigentes; posteriormente, el Grupo de Trabajo adaptó esa información según una serie de preguntas con criterio clínico práctico. El avance de los MCG es innegable, no solo en el desarrollo tecnológico, sino que se han convertido en una herramienta educativa para las personas con DM, su entorno y el equipo de salud al posibilitar un ajuste dinámico del tratamiento, prevenir complicaciones agudas y mejorar la calidad de vida. En esta ecuación enfatizamos la importancia de la educación diabetológica continua de la persona con DM y su entorno, participando activamente en la toma de decisiones para, de esta manera, cumplir con los objetivos propuestos: mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir la carga de la enfermedad y disminuir las excursiones glucémicas agudas.

Abstract The last decade has been highlighted by important advances in the development of new technologies for patients living with diabetes. The innovations have been oriented above all to improve the quality of life, reduce the impact generated by the occurrence of hypoglycemia and reduce the burden of the disease by collaborating in daily decision-making1. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a tool that has undergone significant progress, providing dynamic information on the metabolic status of patients, allowing decision making, demonstrated by stable metabolic control, lower glycemic excursions and a significant reduction in the occurrence and severity of hypoglycemia2-5. The purpose of these recommendations, developed by members of the Innovation Committee of the Argentine Society of Diabetes, is to provide rapid tools for the interpretation of metabolic data and the subsequent therapeutic decisionmaking. To this end, an exhaustive review of the main current guidelines and recommendations has been carried out, later the working group adapted this information according to a series of questions with practical clinical criteria. The progress of CGMs is undeniable, not only in technological development, but it has become an educational tool for people with diabetes, their environment, and the health team, offering the possibility of a dynamic adjustment of treatment, prevention of acute complications and improving quality of life. In this equation, we emphasize the importance of continuous diabetes education for the person with diabetes and their environment, actively participating in decision-making, and in this way, meeting the proposed objectives: improving quality of life, reducing the burden of disease, and decreasing acute glycemic excursions.

Fitness Cost of Sequential Selection with Deltamethrin in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

In Mexico, Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary dengue vector, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. The continued use of synthetic pyrethroids has led to the development of resistance in target populations, which has diminished the effectiveness of vector control programs. Resistance has been associated with disadvantages that affect the biological parameters of resistant mosquitoes compared to susceptible ones. In the present study, the disadvantages were evaluated by parameters related to survival and reproduction ('fitness cost') after selection with deltamethrin for five generations. The parameters analyzed were the length of the development cycle, sex ratio, survival, longevity, fecundity, egg viability, preoviposition, oviposition and postoviposition periods, and growth parameters. In the deltamethrin-selected strain, there was a decrease in the development cycle duration, the percentage of pupae, the oviposition period, and eggs viability. Although mean daily fecundity was not affected after the selection process, this, together with the decrease in the survival and fecundity levels by specific age, significantly affected the gross reproductive rate (GRR), net reproductive rate (Ro), and intrinsic growth rate (rm) of the group selected for five generations with deltamethrin compared to the group without selection. Identifying the 'cost' of resistance in biological fitness represents an advantage if it is desired to limit the spread of resistant populations since the fitness cost is the less likely that resistant individuals will spread in the population. This represents an important factor to consider in designing integrated vector management programs.

Estrategia de intervención sobre educación universitaria en salud ambiental / Intervention strategy on university education in environmental health

Las dimensiones biológico-físicas, sociales y económicas de la jerarquía ecosistémica, están vinculadas a la interacción del ambiente con la salud humana y la enfermedad; generando un ciclo perjudicial, puesto que, la reducción del bienestar humano tiende a aumentar la dependencia de los ecosistemas, perjudicando su capacidad, reduciendo la sustentabilidad de los recursos naturales. La formación ambiental en espacios universitarios es necesaria para la construcción de conocimientos vinculados a la transformación de la realidad, internalizando las condiciones ecológicas del desarrollo sustentable. Se realizó un estudio en 67 estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES), para evaluar la interacción entre las dimensiones del desarrollo sostenible; y generar estrategias de intervención sobre educación universitaria en salud ambiental. Se aplicó un cuestionario con el fin de valorar los conocimientos de los participantes sobre los fundamentos de educación para la sustentabilidad e identificación de determinantes de salud ambiental, así como también, para evaluar la construcción de propuestas en salud ambiental. Se obtuvo que más del 70% de los participantes muestra un conocimiento entre aceptable y óptimo respecto a las dimensiones de desarrollo sostenible, mientras que para la dimensión ambiental muestran poco conocimiento; además más del 50% reconoce los problemas ambientales y prioriza actividades para mitigarlos. Con el fin de transformar la educación universitaria en salud ambiental, se propone fomentar el conocimiento de las dimensiones ambiental y de salud, ejecución de actividades para el desarrollo sostenible, ejecución de medidas de protección de recursos naturales y formación ambiental de la comunidad(AU)

The biological-physical, social and economic dimensions of the ecosystem hierarchy are linked to the interaction of the environment with human health and disease; generating a harmful cycle, since the reduction of human well-being tends to increase the dependence of ecosystems, harming their capacity, reducing the sustainability of natural resources. Environmental training in university spaces is necessary for the construction of knowledge linked to the transformation of reality, internalizing the ecological conditions of sustainable development. A study was conducted on 67 medical students from the Autonomous Regional University of the Andes (UNIANDES), to evaluate the interaction between the dimensions of sustainable development; and generate intervention strategies on university education in environmental health. A questionnaire was applied in order to assess the knowledge of the participants on the fundamentals of education for sustainability and identification of determinants of environmental health, as well as to evaluate the construction of proposals in environmental health. It was obtained that more than 70% of the participants show a knowledge between acceptable and optimal regarding the dimensions of sustainable development, while for the environmental dimension they show little knowledge; In addition, more than 50% recognize environmental problems and prioritize activities to mitigate them. In order to transform university education in environmental health, it is proposed to promote knowledge of the environmental and health dimensions, execution of activities for sustainable development, execution of measures to protect natural resources and environmental training of the community(AU)

[Methodology for the development and update of practice guidelines: current state]. / Metodología para el desarrollo y la actualización de guías de práctica clínica: estado actual.

The current scenario of health services in Mexico reveals as a priority the implementation of strategies that allow us to better respond to the needs and expectations of individuals and society as a whole, through the provision of efficient and effective alternatives for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this context, clinical practice guidelines constitute an element of management in the health care system, whose objective is to establish a national bechmark for encouraging clinical and management decision making, based on recommendations from the best available evidence, in order to contribute to the quality and effectiveness of health care. The purpose of this document is to show the methodology used for the development and updating of clinical practice guidelines that the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social has developed in line with the sectorial model in order to serve the user of these guidelines.

El escenario actual de los servicios de salud en México revela como una prioridad implementar estrategias que nos permitan dar una mejor respuesta a las necesidades y expectativas de los individuos y de la sociedad en su conjunto, a través de la oferta de alternativas eficientes y efectivas para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las enfermedades. En este contexto, las guías de práctica clínica (GPC) constituyen un elemento de rectoría en la atención médica, cuyo objetivo es establecer un referente nacional para favorecer la toma de decisiones clínicas y gerenciales, basadas en recomendaciones sustentadas en la mejor evidencia disponible, a fin de contribuir a la calidad y la efectividad de la atención médica. El propósito de este documento es mostrar la metodología utilizada para el desarrollo y la actualización de las GPC que ha elaborado el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), metodología alineada con el modelo sectorial para que sirva al usuario de las guías como punto de partida para su comprensión y para que apoye su utilización.

[General Strategies for Implementation of Clinical Practice Guidelines]. / Estrategias generales para la implementación de las Guías de Práctica Clínica.

The need to use clinical practice guidelines (CPG) arises from the health conditions and problems that public health institutions in the country face. CPG are informative documents that help improve the quality of care processes and patient safety; having among its objectives, to reduce the variability of medical practice. The Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social designed a strategic plan for the dissemination, implementation, monitoring and control of CPG to establish an applicable model in the medical units in the three levels of care at the Instituto. This paper summarizes some of the strategies of the plan that were made with the knowledge and experience of clinicians and managers, with which they intend to promote the adoption of the key recommendations of the guidelines, to promote a sense of belonging for health personnel, and to encourage changes in organizational culture.

La necesidad de utilizar las guías de práctica clínica (GPC) surge de las condiciones y problemáticas de salud a las que se enfrentan las instituciones públicas de salud del país. Las GPC constituyen documentos informativos que contribuyen a mejorar la calidad de los procesos de atención y la seguridad del paciente; teniendo entre sus objetivos, reducir la variabilidad de la práctica médica. El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social diseñó un plan estratégico para la difusión, implementación, monitorización y control de GPC, a fin de instituir un modelo aplicable en las unidades médicas en los tres niveles de atención del Instituto. En este documento se resumen algunas de las estrategias del plan que fueron elaboradas con el conocimiento y experiencia de clínicos y gestores, con las que, se pretende impulsar la adopción de las recomendaciones clave de las guías y promover el sentido de pertenencia del personal de la salud, así como favorecer cambios en la cultura organizacional.

Modifying cancer patients' attitudes towards medical care received in the oncology service.

BACKGROUND: Attitude changing involves a holistic change on individual biopsychosocial structure. That attitude is understood by behaviors, thoughts, feelings and higher mental processes involved with behavior. This attitude will be considered in two ways: favorable or unfavorable, through a part of the environment. If unfavorable, the most common way to change it is through teaching and learning processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a program directed to modify cancer patients' attitudes. METHODS: This study was performed in three stages from February to September 2009 in the Medical Oncology Area of the UMAE Oncology Hospital, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), according to a before and after quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effect of the intervention. The first stage was to diagnose through semantic networks using the results to create and validate a survey. The second stage was the educative intervention focused on providing general information to patients in the area of medical oncology. Finally, the initial survey was used in order to measure the impact of the intervention, which had been previously implemented and validated. The cumulative total of patients during the three stages was 4,200. RESULTS: Patients attitudes were modified with a specific favorable tendency on the instrument from 51% to 94% (p = 0.05) of total instrument perceptions. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention significantly changed patients' attitudes related to the medical oncology area.

Survey on physicians' knowledge and attitudes towards clinical practice guidelines at the Mexican Institute of Social Security.

OBJECTIVE: A survey was organized to determine the general level of knowledge and attitudes of medical personnel towards clinical practice guidelines (CPG). METHODS: A questionnaire modified from two validated instruments was used. Multi-stratified sampling was applied, and 1782 questionnaires were completed. RESULTS: A total of 80.4% of physicians had regular employment contract, 8.6% managerial post and 9.3% temporary work contract. Average age and working time were 43.7 and 15 years respectively; 64.3% were male. It was reported that 47.9% participated in academic activities, 70.8% belonged to a medical association, 40.3% identified CPG as steps towards arriving at a diagnosis and/or treatment and 14.9% thought that CPG were norms. A total of 10.7% of the physicians believed that guidelines are based on scientific evidence, 10% perceived them as supporting tools, 10.8% had no knowledge of them, 65% said that they used them, 76.7% thought that personal experience was as important as CPG recommendations and 57.4% thought that CPG were necessary for good medical practice. Physicians preferred that CPG be produced by personnel from outside the Mexican Institute of Social Security, or who had followed validity criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of physicians considered CPG to be useful tools. It was evident that few knew where to acquire CPG, and this would lead to their limited use. Findings from this study enabled procuring a broader idea of the level of knowledge and attitudes of Mexican Institute of Social Security physicians towards CPG. This information is relevant when planning strategies for the purpose of sharing and implementing CPG.

[The clinical guidelines of practice project at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social]. / Proyecto para el desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.

The advance in the knowledge and technology is growing quickly and greater quantity, so it is difficult for the health professional to access to whole information that is generated every day on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies more effective, so the clinic practice guidelines (CPG) is a resource to support the updating of the health professional and support them in making clinical decisions. The CPG is also a better support to the manager of health services in making decisions regarding the strategies that have performed for the patient and less risk to the individual and collective health. They also support the response capacity of the medical units and hospitals and guide the planning of services to the optimization of the resources. This paper summarizes the methodology of a national project for the development of GPC coordinated by the Mexican Social Security Institute with the collaboration of more than 1200 health professionals of the institution in a great effort institutional update and make information accessible to the entire health sector, which also defines the steps to upgrade and maintain the updating of knowledge and technology expressed in them.

Modelo biopsicossocial e formulação comportamental: compreendendo a cefaléia do tipo tensional / Modelo biopsicosocial y formulación comportamental: comprendiendo la cefalea del tipo tensional / The bio-psychosocial model and behavioral formulation: understanding the tension-type headache

A cefaléia do tipo tensional constitui um tipo freqüente de dor de cabeça, que tende a ocasionar uma série decomportamentos de evitação, com prejuízos físicos, sociais e psicológicos aos indivíduos afetados. O presente trabalhodescreve algumas contribuições do modelo biopsicossocial de saúde para a compreensão da cefaléia do tipo tensional,descreve os tratamentos mais freqüentemente oferecidos e discute as vantagens de modalidades terapêuticas que utilizam aformulação comportamental. Destaca-se a relevância da consideração de fatores psicossociais presentes nas formas maiscomuns de evolução da cefaléia do tipo tensional, o que contribui para a elaboração de planos de tratamento mais eficientes ecoerentes com uma proposta realmente sistêmica e idiográfica.

Tension-type headache are a frequent source of complaints in health assistance units. It tends to cause avoidancebehaviors with adverse consequences in physical, psychological and social aspects. Contributions from the Bio-Psychosocialperspective are described for a better understanding of the tension-type headache problem. Study also analyzes the mostfrequent treatments used in clinical settings and discusses some advantages of behavioral cases formulations. Results revealthe importance of behavioral and social factors present in the complex etiology of tension-type headache. Such knowledge isuseful to support the formulation of more efficient treatments that are linked to a real systemic and idiographic perspective.

[Cost-effectiveness analysis of nuclear cardiology and its impact on total expense for diagnosis of coronary artery disease]. / Costo-efectividad de los estudios de gamagrafía miocárdica e impacto al gasto total por diagnóstico de cardiopatía isquémica.

BACKGROUND: Medical care in a hospital under a socialized medicine system should be highly effective at the lowest expense possible. When myocardial perfusion studies are performed in well-selected patients, the costs decrease because of the need for fewer invasive studies. When patients are not selected properly, there is an increase-wasted resource, making it necessary to perform cost-effective studies. The goal of this study is to evaluate the economical impact of the diagnostic process in patients suspected of having coronary artery disease, referred to our service (Nuclear Medicine, Hospital de Cardiología CMN, IMSS) in 2002. METHODS: We analyzed 1966 reports of myocardial gammagrams. Patient reports were stratified according to their referring unit. The sum of the unitary fixed cost was converted to the unitary cost for each reason for referral. Kappa was used to evaluate concordance. RESULTS: Patients were 62 +/- 11.39 years old, 52% male. Concordance between the referring diagnosis and the myocardial gammagram was <1% (p <0.001). The cost of cardiac gammagrams varied between $2,613.11 and $3,306.77 (Mexican pesos). Waste was calculated at 30%, which represented $1.8 million (Mexican pesos). CONCLUSIONS: Cost-effective studies are important tools in the administration of resources. In this particular case the results indicate the necessity for systematic registration of financial information, periodic review of operation costs by service, and criteria for use of high-cost services.

[Nosocomial infection surveillance: experience at a cardiology hospital in Mexico]. / Vigilancia de infecciones nosocomiales: experiencia de un hospital de cardiología en México.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of the Nosocomial Infection surveillance program at the Cardiology Hospital in Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI of the Mexican Social Security Institute. METHODOLOGY: To inform of the epidemiologic follow-up results from January 2000 to July 2003. Global frequency, infection rates by infection site, hospital services, and frequency of most common microorganisms were estimated. RESULTS: During this period, global incidence showed that in every 100 discharges, there were 4.3 infections (4.3/100). Frequency of infection was slightly higher in the surgical intensive care unit. Average infection rate in lower respiratory tract infections was 27/1,000; in surgical-site infections: 8/1,000 (mediastinitis 0.8/1,000); it was found that in urinary tract infection, rate was 6.6/1,000. Most commonly isolated microorganisms were: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (25%), Enterobacter sp. (17%), Candida albicans (13%), S. aureus (9%), P. aeruginosa (9%) and K. pneumoniae (6%). CONCLUSION: This study describes the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in a Cardiology Hospital. The information is obtained through epidemiologic follow-up programs. This information is very important to develop specific strategies for control of infections.